Fill-In-The-Blank: these statements are conceptual; as such there may be other correct answers in addition to the ones provided.
The two arms of the immune system are called and immunity.
White blood cells (WBCs) are also called .
Our cells have receptors that react to common pathogen antigens a.k.a. .
Epithelial cells release when they detect a pathogen.
Cells that internalize and digest pathogens are generally called . The two primary types of these cells are and .
When a phagocyte detects a pathogen, it secretes . These cytokines cause local , stimulate the hypothalamus to induce , elicit the release of from the bone marrow, and promos the release of additional cytokines from the .
White blood cells that secrete digestive enzymes to destroy extracellular pathogens are called .
The granulocyte that is responsible for killing bacteria and digesting dead tissue is the .
The granulocytes that are responsible for killing parasites are called , , and tissue .
The soluble cascade of innate immunity that, when activated, coats pathogens with protein "tags" is called .
Coating pathogens with "eat me" signals is called .
Complement proteins can also form pores (holes) in pathogens, also called a .
The primary cells of the adaptive immune system are and .
The lymphatic system has hundreds of specialized organs that sample the lymph looking for pathogens called .
The "lymph node of the blood" is the .
All leukocytes are born in the .
T-cells are "educated" in the .
The common lab tests for leukocytes are the and the .
Multiple Choice Questions:
1) You see a critically ill Covid patient who is suffering from pulmonary edema. Rather than giving the patient corticosteroids to reduce the fluid buildup, you might try a medication that reduces their level of: Interleukin-2 Interleukin-6 Neutrophils C4 complement
Explanation: Acute phase reactants promote tissue edema; IL-6 is an acute phase reactant.
2) You see a patient with schistosomiasis (a parasitic infection), you might expect which abnormality in their differential: Increased Eosinophils Increased Neutrophils Increased Lymphocytes Increased Monocytes
Explanation: Eosinophils are primarily responsible for fighting parasitic infections.
3) You see a patient from Haiti who has massively enlarged lower extremities (elephantiasis) due to a chronic infection with W. bancrofti. You suspect the worm has damaged their: Arteries Capillaries Peripheral Nerves Lymphatics
Explanation: Lymphedema is caused by damage to the draining lymphatics, resulting in swelling of the affected appendage. This is a case of Lymphatic Filariasis.
4) You might think that infectious mononucleosis (mono) would lead to monocytosis (increased number of blood monocytes), but it actually increases the number of another leukocyte. In general, viral infections can lead to increases (or decreases) of this leukocyte in the blood, which is called a: Neutrophil Eosinophil Lymphocyte Basophil
Explanation: Viral infection, like the virus that causes mononucleosis can change the number of lymphocytes in the blood. Both lymphocytes and monocytes have a single-lobed (mono) nucleus, which can lead to confusion!
5) You have a patient with eosinophilia (increased numbers of eosinophils in the blood). Which of the following is the most likely cause? Hookworm (parasite) infection Staph Aureus (bacteria) infection Chickenpox (varicella zoster virus) Tissue necrosis
Explanation: Excess eosinophils are often seen in parasitic infections and allergic reactions.
6) You have a patient with significantly elevated numbers of neutrophils in the blood. Which of the following is the most likely cause? Tick (ectoparasite) infection Staph Aureus (bacteria) infection Chickenpox (varicella zoster virus) Tissue necrosis
Explanation: Excess neutrophils in the blood are sign of a bacterial infection.
7) Which is the most common leukocyte in the blood? Red Blood Cell Neutrophil Lymphocyte Monocyte Eosinophil Basophil
Explanation: Neutrophils are the most common leukocyte. Red blood cells are much more plentiful, but are not leukocytes (white blood cells).
8) People who are seemingly immune from Covid-19 are thought to have epithelial cells that are very effective at releasing this substance: Cytokines Interleukins Interferons Chemokines
Explanation: Epithelial cells produce interferons in response to viral infections. There is some evidence to suggest that people who appear immune to Covid-19 have epithelial cells that recognize the infection early and effectively secrete interferons.
9) Which of the following are the most effective antigen presenting cells because they are primarily responsible for bring antigens to lymph nodes? Dendritic Cells B-Cells Macrophages Mast Cells T-Cells
Explanation: Dendritic cells are the most effective APC.
10) Patients whom have had their spleen removed... Typically have lower leukocyte (WBC) counts Typically have higher leukocyte (WBC) counts Are more prone to sepsis (bacterial infections of the blood) Are susceptible to systemic lymphedema
Explanation: The spleen is the lymph node of the blood.